Heavy oils: A worldwide overview

s, 2003). “Pipeline transportation of heavy/viscous crude oil as water continuous emulsion in North Cambay Basin” by Sharma et al. (SPE 39537, 1998). Historical Geography of the Holy Land, 26th edition (1st edition published in 1894) by Smith (Harper and Brothers, 1935). “The offshore heavy oil development challenges in Brazil” by Trindade and Branco (SPE 97381, 2005). “CSAMT mapping of a Utah tar sand steamflood” by Wayland et al. (Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1987). “Origin of tar mats in petroleum reservoirs. Part II: formation mechanisms for tar mats” by Wilhelms and Larter (Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1994). Appendix: Early application of heavy oils. Knowledge and use of heavy oils has persisted since antiquity. For example, so many tar seeps were common around the Dead Sea, that it had an alternative name associated with heavy oil. From Smith (1935): “Along the shore are deposits of sulphur and petroleum springs. The surrounding strata are rich in bituminous matter, and after earthquakes lumps of bitumen are found floating on the water so as to justify its ancient name of